Blanket Ban On Bushmeat Could Be Disastrous For Forest Dwellers In Central Africa, Says New Report Sep 19, 2008
18, 2008) A new report from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) and partners warns that an upsurge in hunting bushmeat including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians in tropical forests is unsustainable and that it poses serious threats to food security for poor inhabitants of forests in Africa, who rely largely on bushmeat for protein ... Most people in tropical forests hunt, the report notes, and meat sales... (Science Daily)
Norway joins fight to save Amazon Sep 18, 2008
Largest continuous tropical forest Shared by nine countries 65% Brazilian territory Covers 6. 6m sq km in total Pop: 30m - 23. (BBC News -- Americas)
Oil Palm Plantations Are No Substitute For Tropical Rainforests, New Study Shows Sep 18, 2008
Co-author Matt Struebig, from Queen Mary, University of London, explains: "Most land-cover statistics do not allow us to distinguish where oil palm has actually driven forest clearance. Oil palm certainly has directly replaced tropical forest in some areas, but oil palm companies also often have close links with timber or paper pulp companies, giving additional motives for deforestation." ... Where oil palm has replaced tropical forest the impact on wildlife depends on what species survive in... (Science Daily)
Urbanization Reconfigures Surface Hydrology Sep 10, 2008
8, 2006) Deforestation and habitat loss are expected to lead to an extinction crisis among tropical forest species. Humans in rural settings contribute most to deforestation of extant tropical forests. (Science Daily)
Forests break green ground by selling offsets Sep 8, 2008
David Hales, president of the College of the Atlantic in Maine, considered and rejected tropical forest offsets when looking into how to offset his college's carbon footprint last year. Hales cited concerns about the permanence of forest offsets, given the risk of wildfires and insect infestations. (San Francisco Chronicle)
Shun meat, says UN climate chief Sep 7, 2008
But the biggest source globally of carbon dioxide from meat production is land clearance, particularly of tropical forest, which is set to continue as long as demand for meat rises. Ms D'Silva believes that governments negotiating a successor to the Kyoto Protocol ought to take these factors into account. (BBC News)
Why the UN needs to reform, meaningfully, the way it handles environmental issues Sep 6, 2008
For example, a tropical forest country that wants to have a say in international decisions about forests should be attending meetings of the Rome-based UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the UN forest forum in New York, the Montreal-based global agreement to protect natural diversity, and the annual climate change meetings, to name a few. A major problem with international environmental decision-making is that the various UN bodies are not joined up. (BBC News -- Science)
Ancient towns in Amazon forest Aug 31, 2008
Anthropologists from Brazil and the US report today in the journal Science that the Amazonian settlements, now obscured by tropical forest, were once large and complex enough to be considered "urban", as the term is commonly applied to ancient Greek and medieval European communities. You have viewed your allowance of free articles. (Financial Times)
'Pristine' Amazonian Region Hosted Large, Urban Civilization Aug 30, 2008
But ancient settlements in the Amazon, now almost entirely obscured by tropical forest, were once large and complex enough to be considered "urban" as the term is commonly applied to both medieval European and ancient Greek communities ... The paper also argues that the size and scale of the settlements in the southern Amazon in North Central Brazil means that what many scientists have considered virgin tropical forests are in fact heavily influenced by historic human activity. (Science Daily)
Researchers find oldest gecko fossil ever discovered (47) Aug 27, 2008
The rest might have become lunch for a small dinosaur or other predator during an ancient fight in the tropical forests of Myanmar during the Lower Cretaceous Period, from 97 million to 110 million years ago ... The amber fossil was mined in the Hukawng Valley in Myanmar, and during its life the gecko probably lived in a moist, tropical forest with ample opportunities for climbing. (Corvallis Gazette Times, OR)
Out & About for April 10-16 (28) Aug 22, 2008
This festival, held in the Tropical Forest Conservatory, celebrates the Thai New Year with Thai dance, music and food. Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens, One Schenley Park. (Carroll County Times)
D.R.Congo tries to elbow way into Africa oil club Aug 14, 2008
However promoters of the sector say the real potential lies elsewhere, from the massive, unexplored Cuvette Centrale Basin in the heart of the world's second largest tropical forest, to Lake Albert on the northeastern border with Uganda. "The Cuvette Centrale is a continent, not a basin," Marcio Mello, president of HRT High Resolution Technology and Petroleum, told the conference on Tuesday. (International Herald Tribune -- Technology)
Extinction most likely for rare trees in the Amazon rainforest Aug 14, 2008
One of the fundamental characteristics of tropical forests is the presence of very rare tree species ... Thirty years ago Stephen P. Hubbell, senior scientist at the Center for Tropical Forest Science of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and distinguished professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his colleague Robin Foster, now at the Field Museum in Chicago, set up a unique experiment to monitor the growth, birth and death... (EurekAlert!)
* Conserving with an understanding of specific needs Aug 12, 2008
Consider climate change: few people realize that tropical forest destruction accounts for 20 percent of overall carbon emissions X more than the worlds cars, trucks, and airplanes combined. Halting the cutting and burning of tropical forests, which are found almost exclusively in developing nations, is among the most readily achievable and effective possible steps to reduce carbon emissions. (Taipei Times, Taiwan -- World)
Vine Invasion? Ecologists Look At Coexistence Of Trees And Lianas Aug 8, 2008
8, 2008) Among the hundreds of species of woody vines that University of Wisconsin Milwaukee ecologist Stefan Schnitzer has encountered in the tropical forests of Panama, the largest has a stalk nearly 20 inches in circumference ... But tropical lianas, even more so than their temperate counterparts (like kudzu, grapevine and poison ivy), are important players in tropical forest dynamics ... Scientists would like to know if lianas really are becoming more numerous in tropical forests and what if... (Science Daily)
Drivers Of Tropical Deforestation Are Changing, Say Scientists Aug 8, 2008
7, 2008) A shift from poverty-driven to industry-driven deforestation threatens the world's tropical forests but offers new opportunities for conservation, according to an article coauthored by William Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama ... The United Nations estimates that some 13 million hectares (33 million acres) of tropical forest are destroyed each year; but these numbers mask a transition from mostly subsistence-driven to mostly corporate-driven forest... (Science Daily)
Jade greens: Golf is on the upswing in China Aug 7, 2008
So far, though, only a handful of North Americans have made the trek to a wildly beautiful island whose attractions include river rafting on the upper reaches of the Wanquan River; the colourful mountain villages of the Li, the island's original inhabitants, whose elders still wear native dress and elaborately tattoo their faces and bodies; and hiking and rock climbing in Jianfengling National Forest Park, one hour west of Sanya, the largest and best preserved primeval tropical forest in China.... (Globe and Mail)
The drivers of tropical deforestation are changing, say scientists Aug 6, 2008
A shift from poverty-driven to industry-driven deforestation threatens the world's tropical forests but offers new opportunities for conservation, according to an article coauthored by William Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. "New Strategies for Conserving Tropical Forests" will be featured in the September issue of the leading journal Trends in Ecology tion ... The United Nations estimates that some 13 million hectares (33 million acres) of tropical forest are... (EurekAlert!)
Experts: Half of primates on extinction path Aug 5, 2008
"Tropical forest destruction has always been the main cause, but now it appears that hunting is just as serious a threat in some areas, even where the habitat is still quite intact," he added. "In many places, primates are quite literally being eaten to extinction.". (MSNBC -- International)
Primates 'face extinction crisis' Aug 5, 2008
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the main threat is habitat loss, primarily through the burning and clearing of tropical forests ... "Tropical forest destruction has always been the main cause, but now it appears that hunting is just as serious a threat in some areas, even where the habitat is still quite intact.". (BBC News)
Primates Threatened By Habitat Loss, Hunting Aug 5, 2008
The main threats are habitat destruction, particularly from the burning and clearing of tropical forests that also emits at least 20 percent of the global greenhouse gases causing climate change, and the hunting of primates for food and an illegal wildlife trade ... "Tropical forest destruction has always been the main cause, but now it appears that hunting is just as serious a threat in some areas, even where the habitat is still quite intact. In many places, primates are quite literally being... (Science Daily)
Gorillas, monkeys veering toward extinction: study Aug 5, 2008
"Tropical forest destruction has always been the main cause, but now it appears that hunting is just as serious a threat in some areas, even where the habitat is still quite intact," he said ... Tropical forest destruction. (Yahoo News -- Top Stories)
Goodbye Subprime, Hello Prime Aug 4, 2008
This so-called avoided deforestation fund - the latest in a series of tropical forest initiatives recommended by the U.N. as a frontline measure to fight climate change, since 20 percent of global carbon emissions come from deforestation seeks to raise $21 billion by 2021 through foreign investment. with a pledge of $100 million, but Brazil's government has warned donors that signing a check doesn't mean they have a say in the country's internal affairs. (Slate)
Brazil launches rainforest fund Aug 2, 2008
" New thinking The Amazon rainforest Largest continuous tropical forest Shared by nine countries 65% Brazilian territory Covers 6.6m sq km in total Pop: 30m - 23.5m are in Brazil Greenpeace in Brazil said that the country was accepting the link between global warming and preserving the forest for the first time. "For a long time, Brazil was violently opposed to this, insisting fossil fuel was to blame," said Sergio Leitao, director of public policies for Greenpeace Brasil. "That's true,... (BBC News)
Isthmus Of Panama Formed As Result Of Plate Tectonics, Study Finds Aug 1, 2008
The canal's maintenance also exposes sediment layers and marine animal fossils, as well as strata of rocks and clay specific to numerous environments, including lagoon, delta, swamp, woodland and dry tropical forest. Previous studies placed marine sediment as the youngest layers, suggesting the peninsula was submerged before finally joining with South America. (Science Daily)
Congo Launches Review of Logging Contracts Jul 31, 2008
KINSHASA - Congo, home to the world's second largest tropical forest, launched a review of all timber contracts on Wednesday in an effort to clean up a business rife with corruption and to recoup millions of dollars in lost taxes ... Logging and land clearance for farming are eating away the Congo Basin, home to more than a quarter of the world's tropical forest, at the rate of more than 800,000 hectares a year. (Planet Ark, United States)
New Species Of Predatory Bagworm From Panama's Tropical Forest Jul 30, 2008
ScienceDaily (July 30, 2008) University of Panama and Smithsonian researchers report the discovery of a new Bagworm Moth species, in the Annals of the Entomology Society of America. Unlike nearly all other Bagworms, Perisceptis carnivora have predatory larvae. (Science Daily)
Paying To Save Tropical Forests Could Be A Way To Reduce Global Carbon Emissions Jul 29, 2008
If this kind of program could stop deforestation, it would provide a bigger source of biodiversity by retaining a larger stock of tropical forest, keep carbon out of the atmosphere, and provide money to people in developing countries to pursue new forms of livelihood that don t involve cutting down trees ... (May 16, 2007) During years of severe drought, tropical rainforest fires can double emissions from tropical forests, according to scientists ... (June 19, 2008) Improved management of the... (Science Daily)
Docent with disability has ear for birds Jul 26, 2008
As Mr. Casselberry sat in his wheelchair in the aviary's tropical forest earlier this week, he called out the names of the birds singing overhead as he explained how he developed this talent. "I've been interested in birds since I was 4 years old," he said as he pointed out by its call that a black parrot was flying over. (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, PA)
See gorillas in Rwanda Jul 25, 2008
After almost two hours of arduous trekking up steep inclines over rocks and brush, ducking through dense patches of tropical forest, pulling my boots out of pits of mud coupled with snaking vines that wrapped around my ankles, we were at long last near the mountain gorillas in Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park. Now we could finally hear them. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution -- Travel)
Climbing Kilimanjaro Jul 24, 2008
They will pass through five different ecosystems, from lush tropical forest to glaciers. It will take them seven days to reach the top. (Lodi News Sentinel, CA)
On 'Forest stewardship' Jul 18, 2008
Anybody can compile a lengthy list of forest managers that are pursuing certification, simply by visiting the websites of the Indonesian Forest Network, the Tropical Forest Foundation and the Tropical Forest Trust. And the experts are well aware of a bold, new program to assist companies in Kalimantan that want to pursue forest management certification: the Borneo Initiative. (Jakarta Post, Indonesia -- Editorial)
Mitigating Climate Change By Improving Forest Management In The Tropics Jul 17, 2008
"Incentives to retain more forest carbon through improved management would represent a big step toward sustainability in the vast area of tropical forests outside protected sites," the authors argue. "Although many details on measuring, monitoring, and compensating carbon sequestering by individuals, companies, communities, and governments need to be sorted out, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from tropical forest degradation should be given a high priority in negotiations leading up to... (Science Daily)
Insect Warning Colors Aid Cancer And Tropical Disease Drug Discovery Jul 13, 2008
This work also demonstrates that protecting tropical forests not just the insects and plants, but at every level--has the potential to provide immeasurable benefits to human health ... 8, 2006) Deforestation and habitat loss are expected to lead to an extinction crisis among tropical forest species ... Humans in rural settings contribute most to deforestation of extant tropical forests. (Science Daily)
Can tourism save 'Noah's Ark'? Jul 13, 2008
Rene Razafindrajary lists the rare kinds of lemurs, birds and fish found in Ankarafantsika, an park of 1250km comprising dry tropical forest rich with rosewood and ebony. They are just part of the dazzling inventory of living things in Madagascar, which by itself hosts five percent of the world's known species. (iAfrica.com)
Brake on biofuel Jul 8, 2008
Demand for crops such as soya has led to felling of tropical forests. For Gallagher, one study stood out from the plethora of reports detailing the climatically crazy felling of tropical forest to grow biofuel crops and the equally large dossier of reports blaming biofuel demand for raising food prices. (BBC News -- UK)
G8 summit: Opportunity for immediate action on climate change Jul 3, 2008
German Chancellor Angela Merkel's recent pledge of 500 million Euros over four years to conserve tropical forests, followed by increased annual spending on forest protection, starts to address a major source of greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change. As Chancellor Merkel notes, tropical forests are home to biological diversity and healthy ecosystems that strengthen Earth's resilience to global warming and help people adapt to the changing climate ... The burning and clearing of tropical... (EurekAlert! -- Business News)
Looming Tropical Disaster Needs Urgent Action, According To New Report Jun 27, 2008
Lead author Associate Professor Corey Bradshaw, from the University of Adelaide's School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, says tropical forests support more than 60% of all known species. But up to 15 million hectares of tropical rainforest are being lost every year and species are being lost at a rate of up to 10,000 times higher than would happen randomly without humans present. (Science Daily)
Rich States Urged to Pay More to Save Congo's Forests Jun 26, 2008
KINSHASA - Wealthy nations must provide more cash to help the impoverished Democratic Republic of Congo preserve the world's second biggest tropical forest, its Environment Minister said. Logging and land clearance for farming are eating away the Congo Basin, home to more than a quarter of the world's tropical forests, at the rate of more than 800,000 hectares a year ... However, the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali in December for the first time recognised tropical forest... (Planet Ark, United States)
Is That Green Product Really That Green? Jun 22, 2008
Crate and Barrel stores sell teak and mahogany furniture endorsed by the Tropical Forest Trust. Experts say such certifications are an important aid in weighing environmental claims. (KFOR Oklahoma City, OK)
Tropical Forest Sustainability: A Climate Change Boon Jun 20, 2008
ScienceDaily (June 19, 2008) Improved management of the world s tropical forests has major implications for humanity s ability to reduce its contribution to climate change, according to a paper published in the journal, Science ... (May 23, 2006) In findings that could influence our understanding of climate change, a Princeton research team has learned that tropical forests return to the atmosphere up to half the nitrogen they receive each. (Science Daily)
Researchers Explain Nitrogen Paradox In Forests, Illuminating How Ecosystems Respond To Global Warming Jun 20, 2008
But certain aspects of the nitrogen cycle in temperate and tropical forests have puzzled scientists, defying, in a sense, the laws of supply and demand ... In tropical forests, it's the link between nitrogen and phosphorus that explains the abundance of nitrogen-fixing species ... 12, 2008) Ecologists have found that excess nitrogen in tropical forests boosts plant growth by an average of 20 percent, countering the belief that such forests would not respond to nitrogen pollution. (Science Daily)
Effective international action on tropical forest could reduce poverty - Jun 10, 2008
Effective international action on tropical forest could reduce poverty ... Accra, June 9, GNA - Ms. Katharina Kuehmayer, Chairman of the International Tropic Timber Council (ITTC), on Monday called for an effective and focused international action on the tropical forest to help reduce poverty, protect biodiversity and mitigate the effects of climate change ... Ms. Kuehmayer expressed the hope that by the end of the meeting more countries would be interested in ratifying the agreement to be part... (Ghana Web, Ghana)
Read more... Jun 5, 2008
8 million grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to create a database of plant chemical and remote sensing signatures for tropical forest species. This large ground-based Spectranomics Project will expand Carnegies unique aerial mapping and remote-sensing capabilities to inventory and track rain forest vegetation around the globe, and it will enhance the value of satellite observations over tropical forest regions ... The Spectranomics Project will help us to build a... (PNN Online)
New wireless sensor network keeps tabs on the environment Jun 5, 2008
The display house hosts a small but feature-rich environment that mimics that of a tropical forest. Using a WSN, a number of sensors can continuously monitor factors like temperature and luminosity and will process, store and transmit data co-operatively and wirelessly with other sensors to generate data that can then be collected and made available to users virtually anywhere on the globe. (EurekAlert!)
* Papua New Guinea losing forests to logging, study says Jun 3, 2008
Papua New Guinea has the worlds third largest tropical forest, after the Amazon and the Congo, but it was being cleared or degraded at a rate of 362,000 hectares a year in 2001, the report said. Shearman said it was internationally recognized that tropical forests were sink holes of jaw-droppingly large amounts of carbon. (Taipei Times, Taiwan -- World)
Vanuatu's secretThe simple things in life, it seems, really do make you happy Jun 1, 2008
That popular fantasy of owning one's own island, complete with swaying coconut palms, coral sea and tropical forest, is his for real. On the island called Metoma, in the far north of Vanuatu, Jean Pierre can look around and truly say that he is master of all he surveys. (BBC News -- Asia-Pacific)
In graphics: The Amazon May 28, 2008
The Amazon rainforest is the biggest tropical forest in the world, covering some 40% of the continent of South America, spread across nine countries and 6. 6m square kilometres. (BBC News -- Americas)
13 travel packages for your tax rebate May 28, 2008
The property is located on Dover Beach and near 18 acres of tropical forest. The Star Inn Cape May, New JerseyThis old Victorian home now is a nine-room inn and their package costs $599: Includes two mid-week nights for a family of up to four, an efficiency suite that has a bedroom, living room and full kitchen, and a one-day bike rental for the whole family. (MSNBC -- Travel)
Congo Basin Forest Is Biggest For Approved Logging May 28, 2008
OSLO - A tract of tropical forest in the Congo Basin mapped with the help of local pygmies has become the largest in the world certified under a system meant to ensure responsible logging, partners in the project said on Tuesday ... The area was the "largest ever tract of contiguous certified tropical forest in the world", partners said in a statement after the forest won certification meant to avoid deforestation ... "Timber production does not have to be synonymous with the destruction of... (Planet Ark, United States)
Gallery Ghost by Anna Nilsen May 22, 2008
Henri Rousseau (Tropical Forest with Monkeys). Joseph Mallord William Turner (Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore). (Suite101.com)
In picturesThe people pushing back the edges of the Amazon rainforest May 15, 2008
A flight over the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso shows how the Amazon, the world's biggest tropical forest, is being cleared for cattle and crops. Mato Grosso has one of the highest deforestation rates. (BBC News -- Science)
It Started With A Squeak: Moonlight Serenade Helps Lemurs Pick Mates Of The Right Species May 15, 2008
Some Malagasy mouse lemurs are so similar that picking a mate of the right species, especially at night time in a tropical forest, might seem like a matter of pot luck. However, new research in BioMed Central's journal BMC Biology has shown that our desperately cute distant cousins use vocalisations to pick up a partner of the right species. (Science Daily)
Arc of fireOn the front line of Brazil's battle to save the Amazon rainforest May 14, 2008
" Deforestation rate rising In Belem, the capital of Para, satellite images reveal in intimate detail what is happening on the ground in Paragominas, and in other parts of the Amazon basin. The Amazon rainforest Largest continuous tropical forest Shared by nine countries 65% Brazilian territory Covers 6.6m sq km in total Pop: 30m - 23.5m are in Brazil These are being monitored carefully by Imazon, a non-governmental organisation which was the first to alert the world late last year that... (BBC News -- Science)
Wild Three-Toed Sloths Don't Sleep Much May 14, 2008
The placement of sensors on sloths living in treetops demonstrates the feasibility of understanding a complex behavior, such as sleep, in the intricate tropical forest environment. It also will lead to more refined, comparative sleep research. (Science Daily)
Delicate balanceCan the Amazon be exploited without being destroyed? May 13, 2008
Largest continuous tropical forest Shared by nine countries 65% Brazilian territory Covers 6. 6m sq km in total Pop: 30m - 23. (BBC News -- Science)
‘Irreplaceable': Photo exhibit shows images of climate change close to home May 8, 2008
Our massive destruction of tropical forest, freshwater and marine habitats, plus climate change, are driving species extinction a thousand times faster than normal, said Thomas Brooks, senior scientist at the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science. More information is available at and. (Missoulian, MT)
Trello Cioccolato Sponsors Tasty New CHOCOLATE! Exhibit at Pittsburgh's Phipps Conservatory May 3, 2008
Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens is a Victorian glasshouse, gardens and tropical forest conservatory in the Schenley Park area of Pittsburgh. Phipps is open daily from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. and until 10 p.m. on Fridays. (Yahoo! Wire -- Entertainment News)
Big brains mean longer life Apr 20, 2008
For humans, the team studied the Ache, a tropical forest culture in eastern Paraguay. This time-consuming bulking of the brain better be worth it: "In order to pay off all that time you spent growing up," Ba 00004000 rrickman said, "either you live a long time and have lots of kids over that life span, or you reproduce really fast. Either way you're getting a lot of offspring.". (India Times, India -- Health/Science)
Nerds might live longer Apr 19, 2008
For humans, the team studied the Ache, a tropical forest culture in eastern Paraguay. A roadmap to the mind. (MSNBC -- Environment)
Top 10 Family Destinations Apr 17, 2008
The offers an easy way to participate in once-in-a-lifetime experiences, from becoming a dolphin trainer for a day to whale-watching to zip line tours over the tropical forest. 8. (San Francisco Chronicle -- Travel)
Slowly-developing primates definitely not dim-witted Apr 17, 2008
" Their study was supported by the scientific research society Sigma Xi, the American Museum of Natural History and the Ruggles Gates Fund for Biological Anthropology in the United Kingdom. Barrickman and her colleagues focused on primates living in the wild because "animals tend to grow up faster in captivity," she said. In the case of humans, they studied the Ache, a tropical forest culture in eastern Paraguay. "Their food is exclusively wild food they forage from the forest," she said of the... (EurekAlert!)
Brazil producing condoms from the rainforest Apr 9, 2008
The health ministry says that the 'Natex' condoms are the only condoms in the world made of latex harvested from a tropical forest, and will reduce the country's reliance on foreign imports. Brazil is the world's largest single buyer of condoms, with the government purchasing more than a billion of the contraceptives in recent years as part of the country's national programme to combat Aids. (Telegraph.co.uk)
Brazil makes 'rainforest' condoms Apr 8, 2008
The health ministry says the condoms will be the only ones in the world made of latex harvested from a tropical forest, and will reduce the reliance on foreign imports. The Brazilian government says it is the world's largest single buyer of condoms, purchasing more than a billion of the contraceptives in recent years to give away free as part of the country's national programme to combat Aids. (BBC News -- Science)
Fires Main Threat To Amazon In Drier Climate - Study Apr 8, 2008
The UN Climate Panel predicted in a 2007 report that rising temperatures and drier soil would "lead to gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia" by 2050 ... Deforestation -- mainly from burning tropical forests -- is widely considered to contribute about 20 percent of world greenhouse gas emissions. (Planet Ark, United States)
