Yolk protein is expressed in the insect testis and interacts with sperm Jun 13, 2008
While oocytes of oviparous animals accumulate yolk in the cytoplasm, spermatozoa slough off most of their cytoplasm in the process of individualization. Mammalian spermatozoa released from the testis undergo extensive modifications in the seminal ducts involving a variety of glycoproteins. (BioMed Central)
Rapid and dynamic subcellular reorganization following mechanical stimulation of Arabidopsis epidermal cells mimics responses to fungal and oomycete attack Jun 2, 2008
Plant cells respond to the presence of potential fungal or oomycete pathogens by mounting a basal defence response that involves aggregation of cytoplasm, reorganization of cytoskeletal, endomembrane and other cell components and development of cell wall appositions beneath the infection site. This response is induced by non-adapted, avirulent and virulent pathogens alike, and in the majority of cases achieves penetration resistance against the microorganism on the plant surface. (BioMed Central)
NYP/Weill Cornell physician-scientists present latest cancer findings at ASCO meeting Jun 1, 2008
The drug blocks the activity of the mTOR protein within the cytoplasm of cancer cells, responsible for cancer cell proliferation and growth. The physician-scientists found that the drug slowed cancer progression in 44 percent of subjects in the study. (EurekAlert!)
Penn researchers gain new insights on spinal muscular atrophy May 30, 2008
snRNPs are the molecular machines that splice different parts of RNA together to form the messenger RNA (mRNA) before it leaves the nucleus to travel to the cytoplasm. Here, mRNAs get translated into working proteins. (EurekAlert!)
How Fast Does A Stressed Cell React? May 28, 2008
(2) A living organism which has a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane and containing DNA.. (3) Synthetic biology is the engineering of living organisms. (Science Daily)
'Intrabody' can mop up mutant protein in Huntington's disease model May 26, 2008
"Our goal here was to create a tool that could distinguish between the accumulation of mutant proteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm," he says. "The intrabody binds huntingtin proteins with expanded poly-glutamine regions and it only works in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus." ... Even though the intrabody only travels within the cytoplasm, it still alleviated the motor problems of mice that make mutant huntingtin when injected into the striatum, the scientists found. (EurekAlert!)
Recruiting a Dangerous Foe to Fight Cancer and HIV May 22, 2008
Using the bug to create and deliver vaccines dates back to the early 1990s, when University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine microbiologist and University of California, Berkeley, microbiologist showed that L. monocytogenes replicates in a host cell's cytoplasm (its gelatinous fluid filling) and can move from one cell to another. In fact, Advaxis draws on more than a decade's worth of research by Paterson, a who has committed herself to developing medicine that can find and destroy cancer... (Scientific American)
UF researchers develop improved gene therapy agent May 20, 2008
Based on our studies and those of others, its become clear that the reason you need so much is because about half the AAV particles get stuck in the cytoplasm, said Srivastava, the senior author of the study and a member of the UF Genetics Institute. It doesnt get to the nucleus very efficiently. (EurekAlert!)
Simple Artificial Cell Created From Scratch To Study Cell Complexity May 17, 2008
ScienceDaily (May 16, 2008) A team of Penn State researchers has developed a simple artificial cell with which to investigate the organization and function of two of the most basic cell components: the cell membrane and the cytoplasm--the gelatinous fluid that surrounds the structures in living cells ... Building on previous work that was published in the 16 January 2008 issue of Journal of the American Chemical Society, Keating and her colleagues built a model cell using as the cytoplasm a... (Science Daily)
'Shaquille O'Neal' Of Bacteria May 13, 2008
These polar cells grow within the mother cell's cytoplasm, until the mother cell eventually bursts open and dies. "We're interested in how that process arose and how that may affect the biology of the organism," said Angert. (Science Daily)
Unexpected Role: EGFR Protects Cancer Cells From Starving May 7, 2008
Rather, these cells died of autophagy - a self-cannibalization response in which a cell under stress or lacking nutrients devours part of its cytoplasm and other organelles to survive. When this response goes on long enough, the cell essentially eats itself until it dies. (Science Daily)
Fertility Expert Finds Genetic Markers Of An Egg's Maturity, Could Boost Pregnancies With IVF Apr 23, 2008
They found that, eggs that matured in culture, as opposed to eggs that were already mature at the time of harvesting, tended to lack gene activity normally involved in the development of the cytoplasm of the egg, or the area outside the nucleus. Furthermore, they compiled a list of mRNA-mediated gene expression changes that take place as the eggs matured. (Science Daily)
Yeast Has Potential For Selecting Lou Gehrig's Disease Drugs, Study Suggests Apr 22, 2008
Normally, TDP-43 stays in the nucleus, but in ALS and FTD it somehow gets sequestered into the cell's cytoplasm, where it forms clumps ... "However, when it was expressed at higher levels, thereby overwhelming the quality control systems of the cell, TDP-43 clumped in the cytoplasm. At even higher levels, TDP-43 became toxic to the yeast cells, making them unable to grow." This experiment suggests, for the first time, that TDP-43 clumps can be a direct cause of cell toxicity. (Science Daily)
New Technique Yields More Detailed Picture Of Chromatin Structure Apr 21, 2008
We can now apply this same live-cell labeling method to study at high resolution many different GFP-tagged proteins in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus, said Andrew Belmont, a professor of cell and developmental biology and senior author of the paper. In trying to understand chromosomes, people have largely been limited to low resolution visualization of specific chromosomal proteins using light microscopy, Belmost said. (Science Daily)
Penn researchers find potential in yeast for selecting Lou Gehrig's disease drugs Apr 18, 2008
Normally, TDP-43 stays in the nucleus, but in ALS and FTD it somehow gets sequestered into the cells cytoplasm, where it forms clumps ... However, when it was expressed at higher levels, thereby overwhelming the quality control systems of the cell, TDP-43 clumped in the cytoplasm. (EurekAlert!)
Double Trouble With Insecticide-resistant Mosquitoes Apr 10, 2008
9, 2008) Mosquitoes harbouring two insecticide-resistance genes have been found to survive unexpectedly well in an insecticide-free environment where carrying such genes would normally expected to be a burden. This results from the genes interacting with one another to the advantage of the host Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes* and to the detriment of pest management strategies affecting human health. (Science Daily)
RING Finger Protein 5 May Guide Treatment For Muscle Disease In Older Adults Apr 8, 2008
But, with prolonged stress, the UPR eventually fails to handle the overload, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasmic vacuoles, structures within the cell cytoplasm which are characteristic of sIBM patients. Whether RNF5 is the primary cause for sIBM, or an important contributor in the development of this muscle disorder is yet to be determined. (Science Daily)
Gene for the cblD Defect of Vitamin B Apr 3, 2008
Intracellular conversion of cobalamin to its two coenzymes, adenosylcobalamin in mitochondria and methylcobalamin in the cytoplasm, is necessary for the homeostasis of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. Nine defects of intracellular cobalamin metabolism have been defined by means of somatic complementation analysis. (New England Journal of Medicine)
Mind-reading Machine Mar 24, 2008
cell The most basic part of a living thing, made up of a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm that is enclosed by a thin membrane. The cells of plants and animals have a nucleus, which contains the genes and other structures. (Science News for Kids)
Rays' Baldelli suffers from genetic malady Mar 15, 2008
Mitochondria produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is then transported to the cytoplasm of a cell for use in numerous cell functions. Baldelli has been betrayed by his body and within a few weeks the 26-year old could become an ex-Ray, which, if you pardon the pun, add insult to the injury. (Tampa Bay, TheInsiders.com)
NALP5 — A Major Parathyroid Autoantigen in APS-1 Mar 6, 2008
NALP5 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of parathyroid chief cells. Conclusions NALP5 appears to be a tissue-specific autoantigen involved in hypoparathyroidism in patients with APS-1. (New England Journal of Medicine)
Key Step In Programmed Cell Death Discovered Mar 3, 2008
HtrA2 is made in the cell's cytoplasm and is transported into the mitochondria, where the enzyme must have a region removed for it to be active. This requires snipping away 133 amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. (Science Daily)
Tool kit to track drug toxicity Feb 26, 2008
The reason for this, according to this new study, can be traced to mitochondria, those tiny organelles floating around in cellular cytoplasm, often described as the cell's battery packs. Findings of the study have been published in the latest issue of the journal Nature Biotechnology. (Times of India)
New chemical tool kit manipulates mitochondria, reveals insights into drug toxicity Feb 25, 2008
The answers, it turns out, all boil down to mitochondria, those tiny organelles floating around in cellular cytoplasm, often described as the cells battery packs. A research team led by Harvard Medical School assistant professor and Broad Institute associate member Vamsi Mootha has developed a toolkit that isolates five primary aspects of mitochondrial function and analyzes how individual drugs affect each of these areas. (EurekAlert!)
Two-way Cell Talk Provides Clues About Neuromuscular Disease Feb 23, 2008
22, 2005) Researchers have identified that Dishevelled doesn't only function in the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane it must also pass into the nucleus. A study published today in Journal of. (Science Daily)
Genetic Pathway Critical To Disease, Aging Found Feb 22, 2008
A key enzyme in the new pathway, dubbed Star-PAP by its Wisconsin discoverers, functions as part of a complex that controls the expression of messenger RNA, all-important molecules that carry genetic information from the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm where proteins are made ... "The tail," Anderson explains, "is like a postage stamp that enables messenger RNA to exit the nucleus of the cell and enter the cytoplasm where the genetic message is translated into protein.". (Science Daily)
Novel link between excessive nutrient levels and insulin resistance Feb 22, 2008
His experiments revealed that within minutes activation of the insulin signaling network coaxes OGT out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. It travels to the plasma membrane and hooks up with PIP3. (EurekAlert!)
Solubility enhancement of aggregation-prone heterologous proteins by fusion expression using stress-responsive Escherichia coli protein, RpoS Feb 19, 2008
As an N-terminus fusion expression partner, RpoS increased significantly the solubility of many aggregation-prone heterologous proteins in E. coli cytoplasm, indicating that RpoS is a very effective solubility enhancer for the synthesis of many recombinant proteins. RpoS was also well suited for the production of a biologically active fusion mutant of Pseudomonas putida cutinase. (BioMed Central)
Expression of the "stem cell marker" CD133 in pancreas and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas Feb 9, 2008
Cytoplasmic CD133 staining was observed in some non-epithelial malignancies ... In a small subset of ductal cells and in cells in centroacinar position, we also observed expression in the cytoplasm ... Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas showed a varying degree of apical cell surface CD133 expression, and cytoplasmic staining in a few tumor cells was noted. (BioMed Central)
RNA-associated introns guide nerve-cell channel production Feb 6, 2008
Introns are commonly looked on as sequences of "junk" DNA found in the middle of gene sequences, which after being made in RNA are simply excised in the nucleus before the messenger RNA is transported to the cytoplasm and translated into a protein ... The investigators believe that this is a general mechanism for the regulation of cytoplasmic RNAs in neurons. (EurekAlert!)
Active Mechanism Locks In The Size Of A Cell's Nucleus Feb 1, 2008
This mechanism, however, doesn t reside within the nucleus as many once thought, but instead comes from the cell s cytoplasm ... During cell growth, the volume of each nucleus became directly proportional to the amount of surrounding cytoplasm ... Particularly, the two nuclei at the ends of the rods, which were surrounded by relatively more cytoplasm, grew faster than the two nuclei between them. (Science Daily)
New Method Exploits Ancient Mechanism To Switch Genes On And Off At Will Jan 30, 2008
During heat shock, a protein called heat shock factor-1 travels from a cell s cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to a specific sequence of DNA. This interaction initiates the transcription of heat shock protein, a shield that deflects excess heat from cells and protects them from damage. Since these two proteins are expressed at a specific time when organisms experience heat shock at a specific temperature scientists had long designed transgenes to be expressed the moment heat shock... (Science Daily)
New Technique Quickly Detects Cancer Jan 28, 2008
If proteins are in their original position, floating freely in the cell's interior, or cytoplasm, a large percentage of them will flow out of the cell upon electroporation, Lu said. If translocation has occurred, in which proteins migrate from the cytoplasm to tightly bind to the interior of the cell membrane, few will be able to leave. (Science Daily)
Scientist brings artificial life one step closer Jan 25, 2008
"By itself, [it] doesn't do anything, but when you install it on a computer, then you have a working computer system. It's the same with the genome: the genome is the operating system for a cell and the cytoplasm is the hardware that's required to run that genome.". The work comes out of a larger effort by the institute to discover the minimum number of genes needed for a life form. (Sydney Morning Herald -- World)
Deafness and seizures result when mysterious protein deleted in mice Jan 25, 2008
The missing protein is a particular vesicular neurotransmitter transporter, a machine within nerve cells that ferries chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, from the fluid-filled cytoplasm into vesicles that are positioned at the tips of nerve cells and serve to release neurotransmitters onto neighboring cells. Transporters and neurotransmitters work together to make possible essentially all neural communication in the brain. (EurekAlert!)
Heads Or Tails? Scientists Identify Gene That Regulates Polarity In Regenerating Flatworms Dec 10, 2007
Beta-catenin proteins are signaling molecules that reside in the cell's cytoplasm, and are known to turn on important developmental genes when a cell is exposed to a secreted protein in the Wnt family. The researchers thus went on to study the expression of Wnt genes during regeneration, and found that different members of the gene family were active at different locations across the planarian's head-to-tail axis. (Science Daily)
Cell biology sideshow draws a crowd Dec 6, 2007
And spirit he got, as a pair of roadmap cheerleaders a word play on the US National Institutes of Healths roadmap for medical research performed a choreographed tribute to cytoplasm, pom-poms in clutch. The cheerleaders were NIH researchers Clare Waterman and Margaret Gardel. (Nature News Service)
Structure Of Largest Nonvirus Particle Ever Crystallized Modeled Nov 28, 2007
Vaults are large, barrel-shaped particles found in the cytoplasm of all mammalian cells; they may function in innate immunity. As naturally occurring nanoscale capsules, vaults may be useful to engineer as therapeutic delivery vehicles. (Science Daily)
blog conversation Nov 22, 2007
This will identify the origin and likely source of surrogate cytoplasm. This means that donor DNA/cell samples and cloned samples must be available to a nominated independent lab. (Nature News Service)
Intervening In The Deadly Cycle Of HIV Reproduction Nov 7, 2007
An important step in the lifecycle of HIV and a potential point of attack for treatment is as follows: The viral RNA produced in the nucleus of the host cell is transported as a long strand out through pores in the cell membrane into the cell s cytoplasm, where it is translated into proteins or packed into a viral shell. This discharge is an active process carried out by a viral protein called Rev. For this process, many Rev units have to attach to a binding site on the viral RNA, called the... (Science Daily)
How Does The Antitumor Drug Get To The Cell Nucleus? Nov 6, 2007
10, 2001) A study by two researchers at Case Western Reserve University's School of Medicine into the communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells may aid in the development of molecular. (Oct. (Science Daily)
Bacteria Use Plant Defense For Genetic Modification Oct 25, 2007
"We were able to show that VIP1 is a protein that regulates various genes designed to defend against bacterial invasion. However, VIP1 only occurs initially in the cytoplasm of cells and - in order to fulfil its role as a regulator - it then needs to migrate into the nucleus. It is precisely this movement that the bacterium exploits in order to inject its T-DNA into the nucleus." Prof ... Hirt explains further - "Plants have an immune defence mechanism that is triggered when the plant detects... (Science Daily)
Medical Nanoimaging Pinpoints Cause Of Cataracts Oct 25, 2007
A connexon is an assembly of 6 connexin molecules and forms a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. The supramolecular architecture of junctional microdomains in native lens membranes N. Buzhynskyy, R. Hite, T. Walz, S Scheuring. (Science Daily)
New Role For Well-known Protein: Could Lead To Lead To Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Treatments Oct 23, 2007
The work revolves around septins--proteins known since the 1970s to play an essential function in the process through which the cytoplasm of a single yeast cell divides. "In yeast, septin is localized exactly at the neck between the yeast mother cell and the bud or emerging daughter cell," Sheng said. (Science Daily)
What Is ATP? Oct 18, 2007
In more primitive prokaryotes ATP synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. Additional Organic Chemistry Resources. (Suite101.com)
The Forgotten Code Cracker Oct 17, 2007
DNA, he knew, resided in the cell nucleus, whereas protein synthesis took place in the cytoplasm ... Also known as cell sap, it is a mass of cells denuded of their membranes, the result being a quantity of free cytoplasm in which the original cellular organelles and other structures remain largely intact and functional. (Scientific American)
Flavonoids Govern Cell Processes, Enhance Health Oct 16, 2007
2005: "Identification of actin as quercetin-binding protein: an approach to identify target molecules for specific ligands , in: Anal. Biochem. 346:295-9. 2. B?hl, M., Tietze, S., Sokoll, A., Madathil+, S., Pfennig, F., Apostolakis, J., Fahmy, K., Gutzeit, H.O.: "Flavonoids affect actin functions in cytoplasm and nucleus , in: Biophysical Journal, Vol. 93, Nr. 8 (2007). (Science Daily)
Cells and Viruses Oct 15, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle. Eukaryotes. (Suite101.com)
RNA-binding Protein Key To One Form Of Muscular Dystrophy Oct 14, 2007
RNA (ribonucleic acid) or messenger RNA takes the "message" about which proteins to make from the DNA to the protein manufacturing apparatus in the cell's interior or cytoplasm ... It binds genetic material in the nucleus of the cell, trapping the RNA there and preventing it from transporting the RNA messages into the cell's cytoplasm. (Science Daily)
Adult stem cells lack key marker Oct 11, 2007
But because the signal was seen equally in samples from both knockout and normal animals, and because it was observed in the cytoplasm (Oct4 is a nuclear protein), they concluded that it was nonspecific staining. They then created animals that would express fluorescent protein (GFP) wherever Oct4 was expressed. (The Scientist)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Oct 2, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle. Prokaryotes are most always single-celled, except when they exist in colonies. (Suite101.com)
UVA researchers explain cell response to skin-damaging UV rays Oct 2, 2007
We detail in this paper how a certain protein, called SOCS7, moves from the cytoplasm into the cell nucleus and essentially instructs the cell to stop dividing via a protein called NCK. The role of SOCS7 is both to stop outside signals from being relayed to the cell and to switch on the cells response to radiation damage. Cancer can arise if the repair work is not performed properly. (EurekAlert!)
Prokaryotic Cells Oct 1, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle ... These ribose sugar bodies are made of rRNA and proteins and exist either free within cytoplasm or attached to the plasma membrane ... This is the cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" within the cytoplasm previously thought to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells. (Suite101.com)
Bacterial Cell Wall Oct 1, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, and ribosomes are their only type of organelle. The term nucleoid refers to the region of cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is located, usually a singular, circular chromosome ... This rigid structure of peptidoglycan, specific only to prokaryotes, gives the cell shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. (Suite101.com)
Promising Genetic Therapy Uses RNA Interference Oct 1, 2007
In many RNAi studies, including the one that the MIT/Alnylam team was following up on, researchers use retroviruses to deliver genes that code for short hairpin RNA, which is a precursor to siRNA. Once the gene is incorporated into the cell's DNA, short hairpin RNA is synthesized and transported from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm for further processing ... In the current MIT/Alnylam study, siRNA was delivered directly to the cell cytoplasm, so it did not compete with the export of microRNA..... (Science Daily)
Eat Less To Live Longer: Calorie Restriction Linked To Long Healthy Lives Sep 27, 2007
Mitochondria, a kind of cellular organ that lives in the cytoplasm, are often considered to be the cell's battery packs. When mitochondria stability starts to wane, energy is drained out of the cell, and its days are numbered. (Science Daily)
Controlling For Size May Also Prevent Cancer Sep 26, 2007
When the Hopkins team engineered the cells to stop or slow growth, Yap in those cells has its phosphate attached and moves from the nucleus--the brain center of the cell--into the main body of cells, or cytoplasm. "A drug that somehow turns off Yap might also stop cancer cells from growing," says Pan, "and manipulating the Hippo pathway could provide a way to grow organs to a pre-determined size for transplantation.". (Science Daily)
New Insights into the Control of Stem Cells: Keeping the Right Balance Sep 24, 2007
Two of the main compenents of the Wnt pathway are the proteins beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In normal cells, the level of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm is regulated by a complex of proteins to which it is bound and which label it for destruction in the waste basket of the cell, the proteasome ... If APC is mutated, beta-catenin gets rid of its chains, accumulates in the cell s cytoplasm and moves into the cell s nucleus ... Professor Dr. Hans Clevers from the Hubrecht Laboratory and Centre for... (Science Daily)
New Clue To Why Eating Fewer Calories Can Help You Live Longer Sep 23, 2007
The mechanism that triggers cell death is depletion in NAD+, an important enzyme involved in cell signalling that is found inside mitochondria, and also in the cell's nucleus and cytoplasm (the thick liquid that fills the cell) ... Another surprising discovery was that even when the NAD+ in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells was depleted, the mitochondrial NAD+ levels stayed viable enough to keep cells alive. (Medical News Today)
Mitochondria regulate cell stress Sep 21, 2007
Unlike in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, NAD+ levels in mitochondria remained stable when cells were chemically stressed -- showing that mitochondrial metabolism, but not whole-cell metabolism, keeps cells running when they're stressed. "As long as the mitochondria are physiologically active, the cell can otherwise be depleted of energy, but it stays alive," Sinclair said. (The Scientist)
Mystery Behind How Nuclear Membrane Forms During Mitosis Solved Sep 21, 2007
The envelope is the gateway into the nucleus and, thus, restricts access to the genome; it is composed of a concentric double membrane that is penetrated by nuclear pores, which serve as transport channels between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Just as chromosomes duplicate, the cell s organelles, including the ER, also reproduce themselves. (Science Daily)
New cell death pathway involved in sperm development Sep 18, 2007
This, in turn, initiates a cell death-like program at the right time and at the right place in the developing testes of Drosophila and gets rid of unwanted cytoplasm and organelles. Before this study, only IAPs, another class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, had been identified as caspase regulators. (EurekAlert!)
Can a High-Fat Diet Beat Cancer? Sep 18, 2007
In 1930, the German Nobel laureate Otto Warburg first published his observations of a common feature he saw in fast growing tumors: unlike healthy cells, which generate energy by metabolizing sugar in their mitochondria, cancer cells appeared to fuel themselves exclusively through glycolysis, a less-efficient means of creating energy through the fermentation of sugar in the cytoplasm. Warburg believed that this metabolic switch was the primary cause of cancer, a theory that he strove,... (Time.com)
Customized Virus Kills Brain Tumor Stem Cells That Drive Lethal Cancer Sep 13, 2007
This self-cannibalization, called autophagy, occurs when a cell forms a membrane around part of its cytoplasm or an organelle and then digests the contents, leaving a cavity. A cell that dies from autophagy is riddled with cavities. (Science Daily)
Mouse With Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Finds RNA Binding Proteins At Heart Of Problem Sep 10, 2007
That mean the RNA was trapped in the nucleus and unable to take the genetic message about which proteins to make to the protein manufacturing areas in the cytoplasm of the cell. Within six hours, levels of CUGBP1 begin to increase. (Science Daily)
