Aliskiren Combined with Losartan in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy Jun 5, 2008
The primary outcome was a reduction in the ratio of albumin to creatinine, as measured in an early-morning urine sample, at 6 months ... Treatment with 300 mg of aliskiren daily, as compared with placebo, reduced the mean urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio by 20% (95% confidence interval, 9 to 30; P<0. (New England Journal of Medicine)
Grants/contracts Jun 1, 2008
These proteins include albumin, clotting factors, and intravenous immunoglobulin. Haemonetics is a global healthcare company focused on providing innovative blood management solutions for our customers. (TMCnet)
Malnutrition Often Missed in Hospitalized Elderly May 27, 2008
On one hand, doctors and nurses were well aware of medical indicators of malnourishment -- the appearance of the skin, for instance, and blood levels of a protein called albumin. On the other, they tended to put greater stock in patients' current weight as a measure of their nutritional well-being, rather than recent weight loss. (MEDLINEplus)
Hang on for a tangle of sequels and a tale of the majestic strudla May 14, 2008
Strudla, properly created and presented, takes personal knowledge of the Kitchen Saint, whoever she is, and added to that, it takes the ability to simply be able to touch raw winter wheat flour and know what month is was milled, know the exact size of the microscopic granules of said flour, the milliliter content of the albumin of an egg laid by a chicken who understands squarehead English as spoken by a German from North Dakota and will lay it on command like a PEZ dispenser, the liquid to... (Lodi News Sentinel, CA)
Antenatal Tests Apr 23, 2008
The presence of a protein called albumin in the urine will also indicate a tendency to preeclampsia, therefore each time you see a doctor or midwife they may ask to test your urine. Some women develop a condition called gestational diabetes this type of diabetes occurs only during pregnancy it disappears after delivery. (Suite101.com)
Nanobacteria theory takes a hit Apr 18, 2008
But when Martel and Young tested this product as part of their study, they found that the antibodies detected by the test also react with albumin, a protein widely found in blood serum. Young therefore suggests that many nanobacteria in the blood may be coated in albumin, and the test detected these. (Nature News Service)
Next week's News Apr 11, 2008
Furthermore, the authors add, monoclonal antibodies supposedly specific to nanobacteria react with serum albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma. Three: Little but long-lasting. (Nature News Service)
Uric Acid May Help Spot Diabetic Kidney Disease Early Apr 8, 2008
Researchers at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston noted that increased uric acid levels may appear before any significant change in urine albumin levels, the standard screening test for diabetic kidney disease. In the study, the researchers checked serum uric acid concentration and urine albumin levels in 675 patients with type 1 diabetes ... The results showed that 311 patients had microalbuminuria (small amounts of the protein albumin in the urine), an early sign of diabetic kidney disease. (MEDLINEplus)
Uric Acid May Provide Early Clues To Diabetic Kidney Disease Mar 22, 2008
21, 2008) For patients with type 1 diabetes, increased levels of uric acid in the blood may be an early sign of diabetic kidney disease--appearing before any significant change in urine albumin level, the standard screening test, reports a study in the May 2008 issue of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ... On screening tests, 311 patients had small amounts of the protein albumin in the urine ... This result--called microalbuminuria--is generally regarded as a harbinger... (Science Daily)
Urine Protein May Be Present Before Hypertension Diagnosis In At-risk Adolescents Mar 1, 2008
Microalbuminuria, excessive amounts of albumin in the urine, is a common problem among diabetics, says Dr. Gregory Harshfield, director of the Medical College of Georgia s Georgia Prevention Institute ... What we were looking to find was the prevalence of the problem in a healthy population of children and adolescents and the impact of race, sex, sodium-handling and blood pressure on microalbuminuria ... Levels of microalbumin were determined following the first-hour baseline period. (Science Daily)
Screening: Dialysis can lower blood sugar readings Feb 27, 2008
The researchers found that another test from Japan, not yet available here, offers more accurate results by looking at how sugar has reacted with albumin in the blood. The company that makes the test was a sponsor of the study but had no control over it, Freedman said. (International Herald Tribune -- Health)
ProMetic announces signature of definitive license agreement with Kedrion for two hyperimmune products Feb 26, 2008
The three principal types of plasmaderivates produced by Kedrion are: standard and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, albumin and coagulation factors (procoagulants and anticoagulants). Its Website is. (PR Newswire)
Standard Blood Sugar Test Not Accurate in Diabetic Dialysis Patients Feb 24, 2008
It compared the HbA1c test with a newer test -- glycated albumin, or GA -- that measures the amount of blood sugar that has reacted with a protein in the plasma. HbA1c measures the percentage of hemoglobin -- a protein in red blood cells -- that has reacted with glucose. (Ivanhoe)
Current Blood Sugar Control Test Results 'Inaccurate' Feb 24, 2008
This study was funded by Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp. of Japan, which makes a newer test that measures the amount of blood sugar that's reacted with albumin, a protein in the plasma. The GA (glycated albumin) test is not available in the United States. (Health-Finder)
A1C Test Not Accurate for Diabetics on Dialysis Feb 22, 2008
However, a more accurate measure is thought to be the amount of glycated albumin in the bloodstream, because it does not rely on the survival of red blood cells, which is typically reduced in hemodialysis patients. As reported in the journal Kidney International, Freedman's team compared A1C and glycated albumin testing on blood samples obtained from 307 diabetic patients, including 258 who were on hemodialysis ... The outcome "supports the glycated albumin test as a more accurate measure of... (MEDLINEplus)
ConjuChem Initiates Phase II Study of PC-DAC(TM):Exendin-4 Feb 20, 2008
Developed with ConjuChem's proprietary PC-DAC(TM) technology, PC-DAC(TM):Exendin-4 is a modified Exendin-4 analogue that is covalently bound to recombinant human albumin (Recombumin(R), provided by Novozymes Biopharma UK Limited). Data from Phase I/II clinical studies have demonstrated that the preformed albumin-peptide conjugate has a much longer half-life than the peptide alone. (Canada Newswire)
Team-based approach improves diabetes care Feb 8, 2008
This team-based approach has resulted in statistically significant improvements in many clinical measures such as a nearly 50 percent improvement in the average number of days between patient office visits for diabetes (from 115 days to 58), a 40 percent increase in annual urine albumin testing, a 62 percent increase in annual dilated eye exams (29 percent to 47), and a 100 percent increase in influenza vaccinations (26 percent to 52). Other important improvements were seen in patients lipids... (EurekAlert!)
Aggressive Diabetes Therapy Lowers Death Risk, Study Finds Feb 7, 2008
For the Steno-2 study, Pedersen and his colleagues randomly assigned 160 people with type 2 diabetes and persistent microalbuminuria to receive either intensive management or standard therapy. Microalbuminuria means that albumin -- a type of protein -- is spilling into the urine, which indicates that some kidney damage has already occurred ... Of Steno-2, Gerstein noted that the study shows that for people with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria, doctors "should use a comprehensive approach to... (Health-Finder)
Breakdown Of Kidney's Ability To Clean Its Own Filters Likely Causes Disease Feb 4, 2008
"The two most common blood serum and plasma proteins are albumin, which helps regulate blood volume and convey a number of different substances around the body, and immunoglobin G (IgG), a type of immune system antibody. Because they're so common, we figured they would be among the most likely to get stuck on the filter, and set out to look for proteins that help clear them.". Researchers looked for proteins made in podocytes that could bind to albumin and IgG, reasoning that such proteins... (Science Daily)
Austrian biathlete banned 2 years for doping Feb 2, 2008
The International Biathlon Union banned Rottmann for the possession, use and attempted use of albumin, considered a prohibited substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The retroactive penalty expires on July 15, 2009. (SportsIllustrated.CNN -- More)
Noninvasive ways to assess liver disease Feb 2, 2008
They also tested the diagnostic performance of the ELF panel with the addition of the following simple markers: age, BMI, presence of diabetes/impaired fasting glucose, AST/ALT ratio, platelets, and albumin. They recruited 196 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from two separate centers and tested the diagnostic accuracy of the new panels. (EurekAlert!)
Blood analysis screening under way Jan 30, 2008
May 6 The screening will include the following tests: glucose, BUN, creatinine, SGPT, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total protein, albumin, uric acid, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, TSH, white and red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet count. Appointments required Appointments MUST be made for the blood analysis screening. (Harlan Tribune, IA)
Free health screening Jan 25, 2008
The urine albumin screening tests for protein in the urine ... Urine albumin screening also detects heart disease and high blood pressure, Desai said ... The following lab tests will be conducted: Blood pressure (hypertension); glucose (diabetes); hemoglobin (anemia); lipid panel (cholesterol, HDL/LDL, triglycerides); serum ceatinine/eGFR (kidney function); urine dipstick (blood, white blood cells, and microalbumin); calcium, phosphorous, and PTH (bone health for eGFR below 60). (Lihue Garden Island, HA)
Childhood Diabetes Boosts Risk for Kidney Problems Dec 29, 2007
Initially, small amounts of albumin, a blood protein, begin to leak into the urine. As the amount of albumin in the urine increases, the filtering function of the kidneys begins to decline. (Health-Finder)
U.S. FDA approves Voluven for surgical blood loss Dec 29, 2007
In newborns and infants undergoing major surgery, Voluven was as safe and effective as an equivalent volume of another expander containing albumin. In other trials, Voluven was as safe as other blood volume expanders used in patients ranging in age from less than 2 years to 75 years who were undergoing a variety of surgical procedures. (Xinhuanet, China)
Crohn's Disease Different in Boys Than in Girls Dec 19, 2007
Girls had a higher rate of mouth sores and lower blood levels of a protein called albumin, suggesting the presence of malabsorption syndrome. In addition, girls also were at greater risk for common skin rashes seen with the disease and usually required intestinal surgery before boys. (MEDLINEplus)
Novis Pharmaceuticals Hires Lisa Lopez Dec 10, 2007
About NOVIS Pharmaceuticals Novis Pharmaceuticals is a leading national distributor of some of the world's leading plasma-derived products such as albumin, immune globulin, hyperimmunes and anti-hemophilic Factors VII, VIII and IX. Hospitals, home infusion therapy companies and other healthcare providers use these biotherapeutics to treat trauma, autoimmune conditions, immune deficiencies, infectious diseases, bleeding disorders, and other life-threatening conditions. SOURCE Novis... (PR Newswire)
Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics Initiates Program for Late Stage Liver Cirrhosis and Reports Strong Progress in AMT-011 With Trial Fully Recruited and European and US Submission On Track for First Half of 2008 Nov 27, 2007
A pilot clinical trial conducted by investigators in Pamplona, Spain and Groningen, The Netherlands in a small number of cirrhotic patients supports the importance of IGF-1 in treating cirrhosis - both an increased serum albumin and improved energy metabolism were achieved as a result of (subcutaneous) IGF-I protein administration. Because of the short half-life of IGF-1, a treatment based on the subcutaneous administration of recombinant IGF-I would require almost constant infusion and is not... (PR Newswire)
Does Turkey Make You Sleepy? Nov 22, 2007
But insulin has little effect on tryptophan, a large percentage of which travels the bloodstream bound to the protein albumin and therefore is unavailable to the tissues, the notable exception being the brain. By sopping up other amino acids from the blood, however, insulin reduces the tryptophan's competition; the transport system is no longer tied up and more tryptophan can cross the blood brain barrier. (Scientific American)
Nano cancer-bombs and mini organs from MIT Nov 20, 2007
The tiny clusters of cells behave much like real livers - they secrete the blood protein albumin, synthesise urea, and produce enzymes that break down drugs and toxins. The mini livers can also survive for up to six weeks, the researchers. (Register)
Urine Test Results Can Point to Heart Dangers Nov 20, 2007
Presence of the protein albumin suggests worsening coronary artery disease, study finds ... TUESDAY, Nov. 20 (HealthDay News) -- Even a small amount of a protein called albumin in the urine of patients with stable coronary artery disease increases their risk of cardiovascular death, say U.S. researchers ... Albumin is normal and necessary in blood, but its presence in urine indicates leakage in the kidney filtration system and possible damage to cells that line the kidney's blood vessels,... (Health-Finder)
MIT: 'Micro' livers could aid drug screening Nov 19, 2007
For example, each model organ secretes the blood protein albumin, synthesizes urea, and produces the enzymes necessary to break down drugs and toxins. To predict how close their model tissue is to real liver tissue, which has over 500 different functions, they also evaluated its gene expression profiles, measures of the levels of gene activation in the tissues. (EurekAlert!)
* Woman with elephantiasis set to go under the scalpel Nov 16, 2007
Upon arrival, she was found to have excessively low blood albumin levels. She was given antibiotics and an intravenous nutrient drip in preparation for today's operation. (Taipei Times, Taiwan -- World)
Novis Pharmaceuticals Announces Hiring of Thomas E. Burke III as President and CEO Nov 15, 2007
About NOVIS Pharmaceuticals Novis Pharmaceuticals is a leading national distributor of some of the world's leading plasma-derived products such as albumin, immune globulin, hyperimmunes and anti-hemophilic Factors VII, VIII and IX. Hospitals, home infusion therapy companies and other healthcare providers use these biotherapeutics to treat trauma, autoimmune conditions, immune deficiencies, infectious diseases, bleeding disorders, and other life-threatening conditions. About MTS MTS Health... (PR Newswire)
Chronic Kidney Disease Rises While Most People With The Condition Remain Unaware Nov 13, 2007
A small sample of urine was checked for a protein called albumin. Damaged kidneys may persistently leak albumin from the blood into the urine, sometimes even when kidney function appears normal ... 8 percent among participants with stage 3 disease and albumin in the urine. (Science Daily)
The lively little girl is a miracle for everyone Oct 29, 2007
Miriam's case was the first one where Professor Kohl also used the protein serum albumin, which increases the amount of water collected in the lung and amplifies the effect of the latex balloon. "Our little patient's lungs rose like yeast cake. The balloon stayed in the lungs for five days and during this period the volume of the lungs almost doubled," Professor Kohl says. (EurekAlert!)
The management of diabetes in IndigenousAustralians in the primary care setting Oct 25, 2007
60% of Indigenous patients had an abnormal albumin to creatinine ratio compared to 33% of non-Indigenous patients (p<0. 01). (BioMed Central)
State providing free flu shots for kids Oct 23, 2007
He said people worried about egg albumin in the flu shot can instead use the flu vaccine nasal mist. Kightlinger said the Health Department hopes to gather information such as school absence rates to assess how well the children's flu vaccine initiative worked this year. (Rapid City Journal, SD)
Circadian genes also regulate sleep balance Oct 23, 2007
Here we follow the time course of the forebrain changes in the expression of the clock-genes period (per)-1, per2, and of the clock-controlled gene albumin D-binding protein (dbp) during a 6h SD and subsequent recovery sleep in three inbred strains of mice for which the homeostatic sleep rebound following SD differs. We reasoned that if clock genes are functionally implicated in sleep homeostasis then the SD-induced changes in gene expression should vary according to the genotypic differences in... (BioMed Central)
Early intervention dramatically improves outcomes for new dialysis patients Oct 19, 2007
After three months, patients who went through the RightStart program had better nutrition, as reflected by levels of albumin in the blood; and less anemia, as indicated by the hematocrit level. RightStart patients also improved their scores on tests of knowledge regarding ESRD and its treatment and on quality of life and mental health scores. (EurekAlert!)
New MIRCERA(R) Data Analyses to be Featured at the American Society of Nephrology Annual Meeting Oct 17, 2007
November 4: 10:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. PST. Exhibit Hall, Moscone Center) -- C.E.R.A. maintains stable hemoglobin (Hb) in chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of albumin or dialysis adequacy (Kt/V). W. Sulowicz et al. (Publication Only) -- Effect of baseline hemoglobin (Hb) on Hb stability in patients (pts) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) receiving once-monthly C.E.R.A. N.W. Levin et al. (SU-PO817. (PR Newswire)
'I know how I am going to die' Oct 16, 2007
Inside, there are plastic containers of bovine albumin. Next to it, in another jar, sits the brain of mouse, suspended in liquid. (Globe and Mail)
Study finds that people are programmed to love chocolate Oct 16, 2007
The chocolate lovers had a hallmark metabolic profile that involved low levels of LDL-cholesterol (so-called bad cholesterol) and marginally elevated levels of albumin, a beneficial protein, the scientists say. The chocolate lovers expressed this profile even when they ate no chocolate, the researchers note. (Hindu)
Some people are programmed to be chocoholics Oct 15, 2007
Researchers found that the "chocolate lovers" had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher albumin levels in their urine and blood, even on days when they didn't consume chocolate. This meant that there were certain metabolic "markers" or "imprints" in chocolate lovers, in this case the lower cholesterol and higher albumin, that distinguished them from the group indifferent to chocolate ... Researchers think that based on their cholesterol and albumin levels people can, therefore, be grouped as the... (Boston Globe)
Chocolate Lovers May Be Hard-Wired That Way Oct 13, 2007
Analysis of blood and urine samples found that the chocolate lovers had a specific metabolic profile -- low levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol and marginally higher levels of a beneficial protein called albumin. It didn't matter if they ate chocolate during the five days or not. (Health-Finder)
Mechanism for the in-vivo transport of siRNA Sep 18, 2007
But what is it in the blood to which all these RNAs conjugated with so-called lipophilic substances bond" The ETH Zurich researchers discovered that, depending on the fatty acid used, the binding partners are the well-known cholesterol transporters High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) as well as the albumin (protein) present everywhere in the blood. Without these lipoprotein particles there is no uptake of siRNAs into the tissues, as became apparent from further... (EurekAlert!)
Malaysia runs test to save lives of bears Sep 17, 2007
Similar to a pregnancy test, the bear detection kit can detect bear albumin, a common protein found in many body tissues, in less than 10 minutes ... The presence of bear albumin has been found in some medicines on sale in Malaysia. (Xinhuanet, China)
Ortho Biotech Supports FDA Advisory Committees' Recommendations on Use of ESAs in Chronic Renal Failure Patients Sep 12, 2007
Contraindications PROCRIT is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension or with known hypersensitivity to albumin (human) or mammalian cell-derived products. Additional Important Safety Information -- Monitor Hb regularly during therapy, more frequently following a dosage adjustment or until Hb becomes stable. (PR Newswire)
Elevated Blood Pressure In Youth Linked To Rise In Childhood Obesity Sep 12, 2007
Heart Study found that children whose blood pressure was chronically at or above the 90th percentile showed signs of early organ damage as young adults, such as greater thickening of the heart wall or higher amounts of a protein called albumin in the urine. Autopsies on adolescents and young adults who were in the Bogalusa study, but died by accident (so supposedly healthy) also found that those with elevated blood pressure were more likely to have atherosclerotic lesions in their aorta than... (Science Daily)
China says faces shortage of blood plasma Sep 11, 2007
BEIJING, Sept 11 (Reuters) - China is facing a shortage of human albumin, or plasma protein, but the quality of blood products is guaranteed, the government said on Tuesday ... But Yan Jiangying, spokeswoman for the food and drug watchdog, told a news conference the most pressing problem was a shortage of albumin. (Reuters AlertNet)
Saline Reduces Mortality for Brain Injury Patients Aug 31, 2007
It results in lower death rates compared to albumin fluid, study finds ... The study found that using saline rather than albumin fluid to maintain normal fluid volume levels in people with severe brain injuries resulted in nearly double the survival rate at 24 months after the injury ... "We determined that the 2-year mortality rate was significantly high in those patients who received albumin-based fluids compared to those who received saline, particularly those patients with severe brain... (MEDLINEplus)
Saline or Albumin in Traumatic Brain Injury Aug 30, 2007
NEJM -- Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury ... Saline or Albumin for Fluid Resuscitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury ... Background The Saline versus Albumin Fluid Evaluation study suggested that patients with traumatic brain injury resuscitated with albumin had a higher mortality rate than those resuscitated with saline. (New England Journal of Medicine)
Look out, men: Testosterone is under attack Aug 20, 2007
Fortunately, the balance of total testosterone is bound to albumin and other proteins, and those links are easily broken. So together with free testosterone, this "bioavailable" testosterone is there when the body needs it. (MSNBC -- Health)
Living life, two years at a time Aug 5, 2007
Made up of vital proteins such as fibrinogen, immunoglobulins and albumin, the plasma is the liquid part of the blood and is yellow in color. Plasma infusions are also used to treat Multiple Sclerosis and neuropathy. (Catskill Daily Mail, NY)
Hong Kong Police Seize Pharmaceuticals, Blood Products With Bogus Labels Jul 17, 2007
Human immunoglobulin, used to treat certain viral infections, and human albumin solution, used to replace blood plasma, were among drugs bearing fake labels with bogus or no registration number, the department said in a statement yesterday. Painkillers and cream for skin infections were also seized during a joint operation by police and health officials at a premises in Tsuen Wan yesterday, it said. (Bloomberg -- Asia)
Diabetes: a disease we can manage Jul 13, 2007
If you have diabetes, it is important to have regular eye exams, a kidney test for albumin, a protein that indicates whether the kidneys have been affected. People with diabetes should check their feet every day and watch for redness or patches of heat. (Marco Island Sun-Times, FL)
FDA Cites Risks of Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) Mixed With Calcium Jul 8, 2007
Moreover, he added, in-vitro studies have demonstrated that ceftriaxone can prevent bilirubin from binding to serum albumin, which may increase the risk of bilirubin encephalopathy. Contribute your own thoughts, experience, questions, and knowledge to this story for the benefit of all MedPage Today readers. (MedPage Today)
China finds tainted children's snacks Jul 4, 2007
Some 420 bottles of fake blood protein, albumin, were found at hospitals in Hubei province but none had been used to treat patients, Liu Jinai, an official with the inspection division of the provincial food and drug administration, said ... Albumin is a primary protein in human plasma. (Boston Globe)
China says media is hyping food problems Jul 4, 2007
- Serving York, Chester, and Lancaster Counties. Wednesday, July 4, 2007. (Herald Online, SC -- Health)
China Finds Problems With Snacks Jul 4, 2007
03, 2007 By Article Tools. (BEIJING) Chinese inspectors found excessive amounts of additives and preservatives in dozens of children's snacks and seized hundreds of bottles of fake human blood protein from hospitals, officials said Tuesday. (Time.com)
Kidney, heart disease spur each other Jun 30, 2007
Three markers of kidney function were checked: The rate at which kidneys filter blood, called the GFR or glomerular filtration rate; levels of the protein albumin in the urine; and if they were anemic. They also were asked about previously diagnosed heart disease. (Herald Online, SC -- Health)
Five Percent of Adults Report Food Allergy Jun 29, 2007
Problems included manufacturers' use of vague terms, like "spice," and technical terms, such as casein instead of milk, or albumin instead of eggs. Another issue was that food makers do not always make it clear when a new ingredient has been added to a product, though it is included on the ingredient list. (Newsmax)
Hemp, marijuana, antidrug campaigns and common sense Jun 27, 2007
Hemp protein consists of two globular proteins, albumin (33 percent) and edestine (67 percent), with a structure very similar to proteins manufactured in our blood and is thus readily digestible. Estimated retail sales for hemp food and body care products in the U.S. in the early 1990s reached US$1 million and in 2001 rose to $40 million. (Jakarta Post, Indonesia -- Editorial)
Lipid-Lowering Drugs Protect Against Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy Jun 23, 2007
Older age, longer diabetes duration, central adiposity, increasing height, higher fasting plasma glucose, higher systolic blood pressure, higher urinary albumin to creatinine ratios, and indigenous racial background were all independently associated with prevalent peripheral neuropathy at baseline, while use of fibrates was associated with a 70% reduction in neuropathy prevalence. The longitudinal sub-group was comprised of 531 people who had attended six comprehensive annual health assessments... (PR Newswire)
Heart and Kidneys Share Tight Medical Bond Jun 16, 2007
microalbuminuria -- elevated levels of the protein albumin in the urine ... 5 percent had microalbuminuria, and almost 8 percent had a self-reported history of heart attack or stroke. (MEDLINEplus)
