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A connexon is an assembly of 6 connexin molecules and forms a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. The supramolecular architecture of junctional microdomains in native lens membranes N. Buzhynskyy, R. Hite, T. Walz, S Scheuring. (Science Daily)
New Role For Well-known Protein: Could Lead To Lead To Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Treatments Oct 23, 2007
The work revolves around septins--proteins known since the 1970s to play an essential function in the process through which the cytoplasm of a single yeast cell divides. "In yeast, septin is localized exactly at the neck between the yeast mother cell and the bud or emerging daughter cell," Sheng said. (Science Daily)
What Is ATP? Oct 18, 2007
In more primitive prokaryotes ATP synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. Additional Organic Chemistry Resources. (Suite101.com)
The Forgotten Code Cracker Oct 17, 2007
DNA, he knew, resided in the cell nucleus, whereas protein synthesis took place in the cytoplasm ... Also known as cell sap, it is a mass of cells denuded of their membranes, the result being a quantity of free cytoplasm in which the original cellular organelles and other structures remain largely intact and functional. (Scientific American)
Flavonoids Govern Cell Processes, Enhance Health Oct 16, 2007
2005: "Identification of actin as quercetin-binding protein: an approach to identify target molecules for specific ligands , in: Anal. Biochem. 346:295-9. 2. B?hl, M., Tietze, S., Sokoll, A., Madathil+, S., Pfennig, F., Apostolakis, J., Fahmy, K., Gutzeit, H.O.: "Flavonoids affect actin functions in cytoplasm and nucleus , in: Biophysical Journal, Vol. 93, Nr. 8 (2007). (Science Daily)
Cells and Viruses Oct 15, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle. Eukaryotes. (Suite101.com)
RNA-binding Protein Key To One Form Of Muscular Dystrophy Oct 14, 2007
RNA (ribonucleic acid) or messenger RNA takes the "message" about which proteins to make from the DNA to the protein manufacturing apparatus in the cell's interior or cytoplasm ... It binds genetic material in the nucleus of the cell, trapping the RNA there and preventing it from transporting the RNA messages into the cell's cytoplasm. (Science Daily)
Adult stem cells lack key marker Oct 11, 2007
But because the signal was seen equally in samples from both knockout and normal animals, and because it was observed in the cytoplasm (Oct4 is a nuclear protein), they concluded that it was nonspecific staining. They then created animals that would express fluorescent protein (GFP) wherever Oct4 was expressed. (The Scientist)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Oct 2, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle. Prokaryotes are most always single-celled, except when they exist in colonies. (Suite101.com)
UVA researchers explain cell response to skin-damaging UV rays Oct 2, 2007
We detail in this paper how a certain protein, called SOCS7, moves from the cytoplasm into the cell nucleus and essentially instructs the cell to stop dividing via a protein called NCK. The role of SOCS7 is both to stop outside signals from being relayed to the cell and to switch on the cells response to radiation damage. Cancer can arise if the repair work is not performed properly. (EurekAlert!)
Bacterial Cell Wall Oct 1, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, and ribosomes are their only type of organelle. The term nucleoid refers to the region of cytoplasm where chromosomal DNA is located, usually a singular, circular chromosome ... This rigid structure of peptidoglycan, specific only to prokaryotes, gives the cell shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. (Suite101.com)
Prokaryotic Cells Oct 1, 2007
Their genetic material is naked within the cytoplasm, ribosomes their only type of organelle ... These ribose sugar bodies are made of rRNA and proteins and exist either free within cytoplasm or attached to the plasma membrane ... This is the cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" within the cytoplasm previously thought to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells. (Suite101.com)
Promising Genetic Therapy Uses RNA Interference Oct 1, 2007
In many RNAi studies, including the one that the MIT/Alnylam team was following up on, researchers use retroviruses to deliver genes that code for short hairpin RNA, which is a precursor to siRNA. Once the gene is incorporated into the cell's DNA, short hairpin RNA is synthesized and transported from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm for further processing ... In the current MIT/Alnylam study, siRNA was delivered directly to the cell cytoplasm, so it did not compete with the export of microRNA..... (Science Daily)
Eat Less To Live Longer: Calorie Restriction Linked To Long Healthy Lives Sep 27, 2007
Mitochondria, a kind of cellular organ that lives in the cytoplasm, are often considered to be the cell's battery packs. When mitochondria stability starts to wane, energy is drained out of the cell, and its days are numbered. (Science Daily)
Controlling For Size May Also Prevent Cancer Sep 26, 2007
When the Hopkins team engineered the cells to stop or slow growth, Yap in those cells has its phosphate attached and moves from the nucleus--the brain center of the cell--into the main body of cells, or cytoplasm. "A drug that somehow turns off Yap might also stop cancer cells from growing," says Pan, "and manipulating the Hippo pathway could provide a way to grow organs to a pre-determined size for transplantation.". (Science Daily)
New Insights into the Control of Stem Cells: Keeping the Right Balance Sep 24, 2007
Two of the main compenents of the Wnt pathway are the proteins beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In normal cells, the level of beta-catenin in the cytoplasm is regulated by a complex of proteins to which it is bound and which label it for destruction in the waste basket of the cell, the proteasome ... If APC is mutated, beta-catenin gets rid of its chains, accumulates in the cell s cytoplasm and moves into the cell s nucleus ... Professor Dr. Hans Clevers from the Hubrecht Laboratory and Centre for... (Science Daily)
New Clue To Why Eating Fewer Calories Can Help You Live Longer Sep 23, 2007
The mechanism that triggers cell death is depletion in NAD+, an important enzyme involved in cell signalling that is found inside mitochondria, and also in the cell's nucleus and cytoplasm (the thick liquid that fills the cell) ... Another surprising discovery was that even when the NAD+ in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells was depleted, the mitochondrial NAD+ levels stayed viable enough to keep cells alive. (Medical News Today)
Mystery Behind How Nuclear Membrane Forms During Mitosis Solved Sep 21, 2007
The envelope is the gateway into the nucleus and, thus, restricts access to the genome; it is composed of a concentric double membrane that is penetrated by nuclear pores, which serve as transport channels between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Just as chromosomes duplicate, the cell s organelles, including the ER, also reproduce themselves. (Science Daily)
Mitochondria regulate cell stress Sep 21, 2007
Unlike in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, NAD+ levels in mitochondria remained stable when cells were chemically stressed -- showing that mitochondrial metabolism, but not whole-cell metabolism, keeps cells running when they're stressed. "As long as the mitochondria are physiologically active, the cell can otherwise be depleted of energy, but it stays alive," Sinclair said. (The Scientist)
New cell death pathway involved in sperm development Sep 18, 2007 Customized Virus Kills Brain Tumor Stem Cells That Drive Lethal Cancer Sep 13, 2007 Mouse With Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Finds RNA Binding Proteins At Heart Of Problem Sep 10, 2007 Britain gets hybrid embryo go-ahead Sep 6, 2007 Questioned findings confirmed Aug 28, 2007 Features Of Replication Suggest Viruses Have Common Themes, Vulnerabilities Aug 21, 2007 Proteins Involved In New Neurodegenerative Syndrome Identifed Aug 16, 2007 MIT creates 3-D images of living cell Aug 13, 2007 Molecular Mechanism Of Common Forms Of Kidney Disease Identified Aug 7, 2007 Korean Cloner Redeemed... Sort Of Aug 3, 2007 How Dietary Iron Is Used By Cells Jul 4, 2007 Not A Relay Race, But A Team Game: New Model For Signal Transduction In Cells Jun 29, 2007 Cell Structure Jun 25, 2007 Plants, animals share signaling system Jun 21, 2007 Mice cloned using fertilized eggs Jun 7, 2007 Crucial progress in understanding Fragile X mental retardation protein Jun 7, 2007 How To Rip And Tear A Fluid Jun 5, 2007 Cellular message movement captured on video Jun 1, 2007 How Plague-causing Bacteria Disarm Host Defense May 30, 2007 The different roles of cyclinD1-CDK4 in STP and mGluR-LTD during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1 May 30, 2007 Regulation of p73 by Hck through kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms May 30, 2007 The evaluation of renal ischaemic damage: the value of CD10 monoclonal antibody staining and of biochemical assessments of tissue viability.S. Tagboto1 (corresponding author) & A. Paul Griffiths21. Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Royal Infirmary, Princes Road, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent ST4 7NL, United Kingdom.senyo.tagboto@uhns.nhs.uk2. Department of Histopathology, Morriston Hospital, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom.paul.griffiths@swansea-tr.wales.nhs.uk May 27, 2007 In A First, Scientists Develop Tiny Implantable Biocomputers May 23, 2007 New RNA Muddies Gene Definition May 20, 2007 pHLIP, a novel technology to locate and treat tumors May 2, 2007 our special feature Apr 24, 2007 Dangerous rays Apr 17, 2007 Evolution Of Symbiosis Apr 12, 2007 Mutualism: Fungus Found That Needs Bacteria In Cytoplasm To Reproduce Apr 7, 2007 Medicine needs hybrid embryos, scientists say Apr 6, 2007 Opine: David Cohen Mar 30, 2007 Cancer patients opt for unapproved drug Mar 29, 2007 New Method Clearly Shows Protein Interactions In Living Cells Mar 9, 2007 Ancient Cellular Pathway Important In Fighting Viruses Feb 24, 2007 Protein Stops P53 In Its Tracks In Cancer Cells Feb 23, 2007 Biochip Allows Genes To Express Themselves Feb 20, 2007 Reversal of Fortune: Researchers Erase Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder Feb 11, 2007 A new way to suppress apoptosis? Feb 10, 2007 Molecular Motors And Brakes Work Together In Cells Feb 1, 2007 The Francisella pathogenicity island protein IglA localizes to the bacterial cytoplasm and is needed for intracellular growth Jan 18, 2007 Molecule holds cancer hope Jan 17, 2007 Programmed Cell Death Protects Against Infections Jan 16, 2007 Cold-loving algae discovered in Arctic Jan 13, 2007 Novel regulation of the common tumor suppressor PTEN Jan 12, 2007 Computerized Imaging Improves Pap Test Jan 4, 2007
This, in turn, initiates a cell death-like program at the right time and at the right place in the developing testes of Drosophila and gets rid of unwanted cytoplasm and organelles. Before this study, only IAPs, another class of E3 ubiquitin ligases, had been identified as caspase regulators. (EurekAlert!)
Can a High-Fat Diet Beat Cancer? Sep 18, 2007
In 1930, the German Nobel laureate Otto Warburg first published his observations of a common feature he saw in fast growing tumors: unlike healthy cells, which generate energy by metabolizing sugar in their mitochondria, cancer cells appeared to fuel themselves exclusively through glycolysis, a less-efficient means of creating energy through the fermentation of sugar in the cytoplasm. Warburg believed that this metabolic switch was the primary cause of cancer, a theory that he strove,... (Time.com)
This self-cannibalization, called autophagy, occurs when a cell forms a membrane around part of its cytoplasm or an organelle and then digests the contents, leaving a cavity. A cell that dies from autophagy is riddled with cavities. (Science Daily)
That mean the RNA was trapped in the nucleus and unable to take the genetic message about which proteins to make to the protein manufacturing areas in the cytoplasm of the cell. Within six hours, levels of CUGBP1 begin to increase. (Science Daily)
The embryos called 'cybrid' embryos because they are not true hybrids but rather contain human DNA with cell cytoplasm from animals could yield stem cells containing the donor DNA of patients with a range of diseases. Minger argues that the use of empty animal eggs is currently the only ethical way to generate these stem cells, because the technique requires many egg cells that would otherwise have to be gathered from human egg donations. (Nature News Service)
The paper described the pathway by which tra-2 mRNA (whose protein is a transmembrane receptor involved in sex determination in C. elegans) exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Editors at Molecular Cell declined to comment. (The Scientist)
The balloon-like sacs or spherules observed by Ahlquist and his colleagues all had narrow necks that transcended the membrane of the organelle to the cytoplasm, the medium inside the cell and in which the organelle is suspended. The neck is a gateway that appears to permit substrates needed for replication to enter and newly made viral genomes to exit. (Science Daily)
Researchers noticed that people with the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome have higher than normal levels of messenger RNA. Messenger RNA or mRNA takes the protein's blueprint from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the protein-manufacturing ribosome in the cytoplasm (the jelly-like material that fills the cell's interior). Studying fruit flies, Botas and his colleagues found two RNA-binding proteins hnRNP A2/B1 and CUGBP1 that are involved in the new disease. (Science Daily)
The team's image of a cervical cancer cell reveals the cell nucleus, the nucleolus and a number of smaller organelles in the cytoplasm. The researchers are currently in the process of better characterizing these organelles by combining the technique with fluorescence microscopy and other techniques. (EurekAlert!)
Animal studies showed that a proteinuria-inducing treatment increased the activity of CatL not only in the lysosomes but also in the cytoplasm of podocytes and caused structural breakdown of the filtering extensions, a result not seen in mice totally lacking the gene for CatL.. A search for CatL's target protein in proteinuria led to dynamin, an enzyme that many types of cells use in bringing receptors and other proteins from the external membrane into the cytoplasm. (Science Daily)
"As the egg starts to mature, these elements migrate and after about an hour, you can remove 30% of a primate's egg cytoplasm, for example, and not successfully remove the entire nucleus," says James Byrne, a stem cell postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University who studies parthenogenesis in primates. To find out whether Hwang's stem cells came from a single egg, Daley's team, which included leading researchers from England, Japan and Canada, conducted a whole-genome analysis of the DNA from... (Time.com)
The researchers will test this form-function model of ionic iron metabolism by focusing on three steps critical to maintaining the proper balance of iron in cells: 1) the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron and the subsequent transport of ferrous iron into a cell; 2) the "hand-off" of this ferrous iron from a membrane protein to iron chaperones in the cell's cytoplasm; and 3) the utilization of this ionic iron for the activation of essential iron-containing enzymes. "These three components of... (Science Daily)
Following the docking of one of the numerous members of the Wnt protein family at its specific binding site on the cell membrane, a signaling cascade is triggered that transmits messages via the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The cell responds to the signals by switching on or off specific genes. (Science Daily)
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Ribosomes - within the cytoplasm of most animal cells is an extensive network of branching channels collectively called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ... Mitochondria found within the cytoplasm, they are responsible for energy synthesis ... The contents of the nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope. (Suite101.com)
They followed the ligand-bound receptor from the plasma membrane as it was internalized, and looked at how the receptor became activated in different localizations in the cytoplasm. "We found the receptor not only in the plasma membrane but also in endosomes, and it was always residing in endosomes, no matter if it was activated or not," Geldner said. (The Scientist)
That could mean that the donor chromosomes transferred into human zygotes would have more time for the zygote cytoplasm to reprogramme them to behave like the chromosomes in an embryo. That sounds overly optimistic to Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA. "Mouse and cow eggs seem more effective than human eggs at reprogramming cells, 00000564 " he says. (Nature News Service)
We found that FMRP, together with NXF2, acts to down-regulate the expression of its target, the messenger RNA that encodes NXF1, which is an essential protein needed to transport most mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of cells, said Huang. Our findings explain why the NXF1 protein level is much lower in the hippocampal neurons involved in learning and memory than in many other cells. (EurekAlert!)
The mixture they study shares properties of many everyday materials -- like toothpaste, saliva, blood, and cell cytoplasm -- which do not fall into the standard textbook cases of solid, liquid, or gas. Instead, these "viscoelastic" materials can have the viscous behavior of a fluid or the elastic behavior of a solid, depending on the situation. (Science Daily)
Paxillin is found primarily at focal adhesions, busy intersections of activity scattered around the cells cytoplasmic membrane ... In a surprise, Chien and Hu also showed that paxillin itself forms long, fibrous structures in the cell cytoplasm. (EurekAlert!)
All three bacteria species find their way past the body's immune system through a sophisticated invasion system that injects the effector proteins directly into the host cell's cytoplasm. "More than a decade after its discovery, our understanding of YpkA is still incomplete," Navarro said. (Science Daily)
In the present study, our findings showed that the expression of CDK4 was localized mostly in nuclei and cytoplasm of pyramidal cells of CA1 at postnatal day 10 (P10); whereas at P28 staining of CDK4 could be detected predominantly in the cytoplasm but not nuclei. Basal synaptic transmission was normal in the presence of CDK4 inhibitor. (BioMed Central)
In a kinase dependent manner, Hck co-expression resulted in stabilization of p73 protein in the cytoplasm ... Both exogenous and endogenous Hck localize to the nuclear as well as cytoplasmic compartment, just as does p73. (BioMed Central)
CD 10 antibody intensely stained the brush border of control kidney tissue with mild or no cytoplasmic staining. Cell injury was accompanied by a redistribution of CD10 into the lumen and cell cytoplasm. (BioMed Central)
The biocomputers' "input" is RNA, proteins, and chemicals found in the cytoplasm; "output" molecules indicating the presence of the telltale signals are easily discernable with basic laboratory equipment. "Currently we have no tools for reading cellular signals," Benenson says. (Science Daily)
To determine the function and destination of this excess RNA, Gingeras and colleagues searched for relatively long RNA molecules in the nucleus or cytoplasm of human cells, and for shorter RNA molecules anywhere in the cell. They identified a set of long RNA molecules, which they dubbed PALRs (for promoter associated long RNAs), and a set of short ones (PASRs). (Scientific American)
An earlier paper from the same groups shows that at low pH, pHLIP can move cell-impermeable molecules across a cell membrane, where they are released in the cytoplasm. pHLIP acts as a molecular nanosyringe, inserting itself into the cell membrane and injecting compounds into cell, said co-author , of the University of Rhode Island. (EurekAlert!)
Or are the "reprogramming factors" normally in the nucleus so they are released to the cytoplasm in MII oocyte but removed with the zygote pronuclei. Or both. (The Scientist)
A sunburn alters the nuclei and the cytoplasm in normal skin cells. The cell becomes something entirely different, something scientists call a "sunburn cell.". (The Palm Beach Post)
Buchnera cells are round and packed into the cytoplasm. (Credit: J. White, N. Moran, University of Arizona / PLoS Biology). (Science Daily)
In new findings that highlight the extent to which a host organism can become dependent on its internal symbiont, researchers have identified a case in which the reproduction of a fungus has become dependent on bacteria that live within its cytoplasm. The findings, which appear online in the journal Current Biology on April 5th, are reported by Laila Partida and Christian Hertweck from the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology in Jena, Germany. (Science Daily)
Scientists have proposed taking DNA from human skin cells and merging it with the cytoplasm - the non-nucleus part of the cell - of the unfertilised egg of a rabbit or cow ... "We find that the creation of human-animal chimera or hybrid embryos, and specifically cytoplasmic hybrid embryos, is necessary for research," the committee says in its report published today ... "We are critical of the HFEA for delaying assessment of applications for licences to create cytoplasmic hybrid embryos for... (Independent)
Only 20 years ago, the idea of forcing fertilization by injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm of the egg was unthinkable. Now it s performed on a daily basis around the world. (Univeristy of Chicago Chronicle, IL)
DCA is a small molecule that blocks an enzyme in mitochondria the energy-production centres in cells causing more glucose to be metabolized in the mitochondria rather than by a 00000BE6 different pathway in the cytoplasm. The compound has been in clinical trials for years as a treatment for certain mitochondrial diseases, but it has not yet been approved. (Nature News Service)
The latter include Exportin 1, which transports proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and RISP, a modulator of HIV gene expression discovered by the Brack-Werner team in previous studies. Brack-Werner and her team demonstrated that exBIFC allows visualization of interactions of Rev with itself and with Exportin1 and RISP in living cells. (Science Daily)
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that allows cells to digest organelles and materials in the cytosol, or cytoplasm, to survive starvation conditions. Iwasaki said she and her colleagues found that this process in which parts of the cell are digested and recycled has a significant role in antiviral immune responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (Science Daily)
In the study, which appears online on February 8 in advance of publication in the March print issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Silvia Soddu and colleagues found that overexpression of HMGA1 inhibited p53-mediated apoptosis and caused HIPK2 to relocate from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm ... Importantly, analysis of human breast cancer samples indicated that overexpression of HMGA1 correlated with the presence of HIPK2 in the cytoplasm and low levels of apoptotic cells, even in... (Science Daily)
Biochip platforms that work as artificial cells are attractive for medical diagnostics, interrogation of biological processes, and for the production of important biomolecules. However, to match the complexity of nature, the biochips need to be designed such that proteins, DNA, and other important biological components can be located in specific, spatially well-defined regions on the chips. (Science Daily)
Using the drug tamoxifen an estrogen receptor modulator used to treat breast cancer the scientists were then able to prompt an enzyme suspended by an estrogen receptor in the cytoplasm of the mouse's neuronal cells to migrate into the nucleus and restore the gene's function. After determining the proper dosage of tamoxifen an early trial resulted in a number of mouse deaths due to overactivation of Mecp2 researchers settled on a four-week regimen of ramping up the gene's function. (Scientific American)
Having first thought that all three proteins were working on gene transcription in tandem, the group recognized that, with a higher ratio of HMGA1 (relative to HIPK2) in cell lines, HIPK2 appeared in the cytoplasm ... In addition, overexpression of HMGA1 kicked HIPK2 out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, while an overexpression of HIPK2 diminished HMGA1 levels and reactivated p53. (The Scientist)
It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell ... -- In cell biology, an organelle is one of several structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. (Science Daily)
Biochemical fractionation showed that IglA is a soluble cytoplasmic protein and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that it interacts with the downstream-encoded IglB. When the iglB gene was disrupted IglA could not be detected in cell extracts of F. novicida, although IglC could be detected ... The results of this study demonstrate that IglA and IglB are interacting cytoplasmic proteins that are required for intramacrophage growth. (BioMed Central)
Located in the cells cytoplasm, outside its nucleus, critical mitochondrial functions can be suppressed in cancerous cells. Cancer cells actively suppress their mitochondria, which alters their metabolism and this appears to offer cancer cells a significant advantage in growth compared to normal cells, Michelakis said in a news release on the study. (Toronto Star)
The cells get activated by bacteria and modify the structure of their nuclei and granules, small enzyme deposits in the cytoplasm. "The nuclear membrane disintegrates, the granules dissolve, and thus the NET components can mingle inside the cells", explains Volker Brinkmann, head of the microscopy group. (Science Daily)
The cell nucleus is coloured in blue, the cytoplasm in green and the plastide, which is responsible for photosynthesis, is coloured in red. The cell measures two by five micrometres. (CBC.ca)
PTEN has been found mostly in the cytoplasm but has been known to also be in cell nuclei. While the cytoplasmic function of PTEN is now quite well understood, its nuclear functions have been elusive. (EurekAlert!)
Trained technicians, called cytotechnologists, often notice that cells from the surface of the cervix have less cytoplasm and an enlarged nucleus. To spot these potentially dangerous cells, technicians examine a woman's cells on a microscope slide. (WCCO.com, MN)
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